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Over the course of the past two decades Islamism has exercised a growing influence
on politics in Muslim countries from Morocco to Malaysia. In some
instances this trend has led to regime change as in Iran and Sudan, but more
often, it has ensconced Islamic norms, symbols, and rhetoric in the public
sphere, and in the process, it has had a notable impact on politics, policy
making, law, and social relations. Although Islamist forces are today the
principal protagonists in struggles of power with ruling elites in Muslim societies,
1 they no longer hold a monopoly of speaking for Islam or acting on
its behalf. Increasingly, social and political actors across the board, including
state leaders and institutions—who are in many cases responsible for transforming
Islamic politics into policy—champion Islamic causes.
It is often assumed that the greater visibility of Islamic norms, values, and
symbols in the public arena, and anchoring of law and policy making in its
values—what has been termed Islamization—is the work of Islamist movements
who have forced their ideology on ruling regimes and other hapless social
actors. The role of Islam in society and politics is therefore the culmination
of Islamist activism, and in terms of what it spells for public policy, it
reflects the ideological directives and political imperatives that guide the Islamist
challenge to ruling regimes.
Islamization is commonly seen as the work of Islamist movements who have forced their ideology on ruling regimes and other hapless social actors. There is little doubt that ruling regimes and disparate social and political actors alike are pushed in the direction of Islamic politics by Islamist forces. However, Islamist activism and its revolutionary and utopian rhetoric only partly explain this trend. Here, Nasr argues that the state itself plays a key role in embedding Islam in the politics of Muslim countries. Focusing on Malaysia and Pakistan, Nasr argues that the turn to Islam is a facet of the state's drive to establish hegemony over society and expand its powers and control. |
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