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Computer Architecture: Fundamentals and Principles of Computer Design

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Digital electronic computer systems have gone through several generations, and many changes, since they were first built just before and during World War II. Machines that were originally implemented with electromechanical relays and vacuum tubes gave way to those constructed with solid-state devices and, eventually, integrated circuits containing thousands or millions of transistors. Systems that cost millions of dollars and took up large rooms (or even whole floors of buildings) decreased in price by orders of magnitude and shrank, in some cases, to single chips less than the size of a postage stamp. CPU clock speeds increased from kilohertz to megahertz to gigahertz, and computer storage capacity grew from kilobytes to megabytes to gigabytes and beyond.

While most people have noticed the obvious changes in modern computer system implementation, not everyone realizes how much has remained the same, architecturally speaking. Many of the basic design concepts and even the advanced techniques used to enhance performance have not changed appreciably in 30, 40, or even 50 years or longer. Most modern computers still use the sequential, von Neumann programming paradigm that dates to the 1940s, they accept hardware interrupts that have been a standard system design feature since the 1950s, and they store programs and data in hierarchical memories that are, at least conceptually, very similar to storage systems built in the 1960s. While computing professionals obviously need to stay abreast of today’s cutting-edge architectural breakthroughs and the latest technical wizardry, it is just as important that they study historical computer architectures, not only because doing so gives a valuable appreciation for how things were done in the past, but also because, in many cases, the same or similar techniques are still being used in the present and may persist into the future.
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