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Getting Started with RFID: Identify Objects in the Physical World with Arduino

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The process of identifying physical objects is such a fundamental part of our experience that we seldom think about how we do it. We use our senses, of course: we look at, feel, pick up, shake and listen to, smell, and taste objects until we have a reference for them—then we give them a label. The whole process relies on some pretty sophisticated work by our brains and bodies, and anyone who’s ever dabbled in computer vision or artificial intelligence in general can tell you that teaching a computer to recognize physical objects is no small feat. Just as it’s easier to determine location by having a human being narrow it down for you, it’s easier to distinguish objects computationally if you can limit the field, and if you can label the important objects.

Just as we identify things using information from our senses, so do computers. They can identify physical objects only by using information from their sensors. One of the best-known digital identification techniques is radio frequency identification, or RFID. The network identity of a physical object can be centrally assigned and universally available, or it can be provisional. It can be used only by a small subset of devices on a larger network or used only for a short time. RFID is an interesting case in point. The RFID tag pasted on the side of a book may seem like a universal marker, but what it means depends on who reads it. The owner of a store may assign that tag’s number a place in his inventory, but to the consumer who buys it, it means nothing unless she has a tool to read it and a database in which to categorize it. She has no way of knowing what the number meant to the store owner unless she has access to his database. Perhaps he linked that ID tag number to the book’s title or to the date on which it arrived in the store. Once it leaves the store, he may delete it from his database, so it loses all meaning to him. The consumer, on the other hand, may link it to entirely different data in her own database, or she may choose to ignore it entirely, relying on other means to identify it. In other words, there is no central database linking RFID tags and the things they’re attached to, or who’s possessed them.

Like locations, identities become more uniquely descriptive as the context they describe becomes larger. For example, knowing that my name is Tom doesn’t give you much to go on. Knowing my last name narrows it down some more, but how effective that is depends on where you’re looking. In the United States, there are dozens of Tom Igoes. In New York, there are at least three. When you need a unique identifier, you might choose a universal label,
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