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Failure Criteria in Fibre-Reinforced-Polymer Composites

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Fibre Reinforced Polymer composite materials (FRP’s) are now widely utilised in many applications including aircraft, yachts, motor vehicles, chemical and process plant, sporting goods and a wide range of military equipment. They are an extremely broad and versatile class of material, encompassing a wide range of fibre and matrix combinations that provide a multiplicity of component design and manufacturing options. Their high strength coupled with light weight leads to their use wherever structural efficiency is at a premium.

FRP’s are inherently more complex than metals. By their nature, they are heterogeneous in construction (asymmetric arrays of many thousands of fibres, each with diameter of the order 10 microns, in a polymeric matrix) and they are anisotropic (the strength parallel to the fibres being typically two orders of magnitude greater than that in the transverse directions). Thus, it is perhaps not unsurprising to find that the challenge in predicting the strength of an FRP laminate with accuracy is significantly larger than that in predicting the strength of a conventional metal.

In moving from the metals world to the FRP world, a structural designer is faced with many more variables and the need for an additional set of design methods. It is, perhaps, self evident that such methods must be accurate and valid in order to extract the maximum structural performance in terms of strength, deformation and stiffness. The consequences of using methods that have not been benchmarked against satisfactory data are potentially unsafe designs or over design, resulting in unnecessary cost and weight. In most of the early applications of FRP’s (typically military, in the 1960s) this challenge was circumvented by a ‘make and test’ approach which was entirely justified at the time, given the relative novelty of the materials, the absence of proven analytical tools and the relatively poor computation capabilities. Whilst much development work has been conducted since then (and continues to this day) the degree of maturity of the current tools for predicting the strength and deformation of an FRP material, in the general case, has been a somewhat open question.

Over the last 12 years the editors of the book have organized and coordinated an international activity, known as the World Wide Failure Exercise, to improve the foundation on which design theories are based, namely the prediction of deformation and failure strength of laminated composite structures. Within the Exercise the leading failure theories for composite laminates have been compared with one another and with experimental data. As the Exercise progressed, the results were published in three special issues, of the international journal, ‘Composites Science and Technology’. The contributors of theoretical papers included many internationally renowned scientists, designers and engineers from six countries and experimental work was gathered from different groups in UK, USA and Germany.
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