The goal of this book is to teach you to think like a computer scientist. 1 like the way computer scientists think because they combine some of the best fea tures of Mathematics, Engineering, and Natural Science. Like mathematicians, computer scientists use formal languages to denote ideas (specifically computa tions). Like engineers,...

This earliest recorded attempt to regulate the engineering profession reminds us, in the bluntest way possible, that the paramount purpose of engineering and engineering design is to serve the user. One would assume that the engineer’s responsibility to users is so self evident that it goes without saying. Various professional...

The art of compiler construction is a fascinating subject- It integrates the mathe matical foundations of formal languages, a wealth of well-established techniques for syntactic analysis, semantic analysis and optimization, and a tremendous amount of practical experience accumulated over the past four decades in designing and us ing...

Graph rewriting systems have come of age. In autumn 1994, the 25th anniversary of the first publication in this area was celebrated at the 5th Workshop on Graph Grammars and their Applications to Computer Science. In the interim, the subject has evolved. The current situation can be described by a three-stage model. At the very low...

The REX School/Symposium *A Decade of Concurrency - Reflections and Perspectives' was the final event of a ten year period of cooperation between three Dutch research groups working on the foundations of concurrency. Ever since its inception in 1983. the goal of the project has been'to contribute to the crossfertilization...

The twentieth century witnessed the birth of revolutionary ideas in the phys- ical sciences. These ideas began to shake the traditional view of the universe dating back to the days of Newton, even to the days of Galileo. Albert Ein- stein is usually identified as the creator of the relativity theory, a theory that is used to model the...

Well, it’s been a wild ride since the first edition of this book was released. At that time, PowerShell had just shipped and had a fairly limited scope of influence. Things have changed a lot. PowerShell now ships in the box with Windows (at least Windows 7 and Server 2008 R2). The number of PowerShell users is now in the hundreds...

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was carried out between 2001 and 2005 to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and to establish the basis for actions needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. The MA was originally conceived as a...

PHP Master is aimed at intermediate PHP developers—those who have left their newbie status behind, and are looking to advance their skills and knowledge. Our aim as authors is to enable developers to refine their skills across a number of areas, and so we’ve picked topics that we felt have stood us in the best stead to grow...

In several practical circumstances we have to solve a problem whose instance is not a priori completely known. Situations of this kind occur in computer systems and networks management, in financial decision making, in robotics etc. Problems that have to be solved without a complete knowledge of the instance are called on-line...

The compiler is one of the most important aspects of system software. When any computer user develops a computer program, one must use some programming language, rather than using a computer instruction set. This implies that there must be the compiler of the programming language that has been installed on the computer one uses, and...

Despite means of fault prevention such as extensive testing or formal verification, errors inevitably occur during system operation. To avoid subsequent system failures, critical distributed systems, therefore, require engineering of means for fault tolerance. Achieving fault tolerance requires some redundancy, which, unfortunately,...