Step into the world of virtual reality with your newly created avatar and begin to experience the tools that make this world interactive! During their infancy stage, virtual environments were largely based upon the gaming community and over time have been adapted to meet the growing number of users and educators. The Virtual Worlds Handbook,...

This digital electronics text focuses on "how to" design, build, operate and adapt data acquisition systems. The material begins with basic logic gates and ends with a 40 KHz voltage measurer. The approach aims to cover a minimal number of topics in detail. The data acquisition circuits described communicate with a host computer...

SMS is an incredible global success. At the time of writing (mid-2009) it can be used by all 4 billion GSM customers. More than 50 short messages are generated per month per GSM user. The service has created a $100 billion turnover industry. This success has been enabled mainly by the comprehensive and robust standards that have been made...

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Automatic object recognition has become an established discipline in image analysis. Moments and moment invariants play a very important role as features in invariant recognition. They were introduced to the pattern recognition community almost 50 years ago and the mathematical background they utilized is even older, originating from the...

Nanostructured materials is one of the hottest and fastest growing areas in today's materials science field, along with the related field of solid state physics. Nanostructured materials and their based technologies have opened up exciting new possibilites for future applications in a number of areas including aerospace, automotive, x-ray...

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Pharmaceutical dosage forms contain both pharmacologically active compounds and excipients added to aid the formulation and manufacture of the subsequent dosage form for administration to patients. Indeed, the properties of the final dosage form (i.e. its bioavailability and stability) are, for the most part, highly dependent on the...

R is a powerful and flexible statistical and graphical environment that is freely distributed under the GNU Public Licencea for all major computing platforms (Windows, MacOSX and Linux). This open source licence along with a relatively simple scripting syntax has promoted diverse and rapid evolution and contribution. As the broader scientific...

The measurement of HbA1c is a key tool in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. For health care professionals involved in the management of diabetes in the UK there is an additional complication, between 2009 and 2011, with a change of HbA1c units. The old DCCT percentage is giving way to the internationally recognised IFCC units of mmol/mol in...

It is commonly accepted today that optical fiber communications have revolutionized telecommunications. Indeed, dramatic changes have been induced in the way we interact with our relatives, friends, and colleagues: we retrieve information, we entertain and educate ourselves, we buy and sell, we organize our activities, and so on, in a long...