Mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were first identified in 1997 based on their homology with Drosophila Toll, which mediates innate immunity in the fly. In recent years, the number of studies describing TLR expression and function in the nervous system has been increasing steadily and expanding beyond their traditional roles in infectious...

This book is a practical exploration of A-GNSS with particular focus on A-GPS. It provides some theoretical...

The increasing use of computer technology in many areas of economic, scientific, and social life is resulting in large collections of digital data. The amount of data which is created on and stored in computers is growing from day to day. Electronic database facilities are common everywhere and can now be considered a standard technology....

The main purpose of the book is to provide insight into an area that humans often take for granted. There are wonderful and exciting stories of organisms using chemical signals as a basis of a sophisticated communication system. In many instances, chemical signals can provide more detailed and accurate information than any other mode of...

Automatic feedback control systems play crucial roles in many fields, including manufacturing industries, communications, naval and space systems. At its simplest, a control system represents a feedback loop in which the difference between the ideal (input) and actual (output) signals is used to modify the behaviour of the system. Control...

Between 1999 and 2009, a “ turbid ” or disordered sensation of change was felt as wireless connections expanded and eroded the edges of the Internet...

The detection and measurement of the dynamic interactions of proteins within the living cell are critical to our understanding of cell physiology and pathophysiology. With FRET microscopy and spectroscopy techniques, basic and clinical scientists can make such measurements at very high spatial and temporal resolution. But sources of...

Three-dimensional (3D) integrated circuit (IC) stacking is the next big step in electronic system integration. It enables packing more functionality, as well as integration of heterogeneous materials, devices, and signals, in the same space (volume). This results in consumer electronics (e.g., mobile, handheld devices) which can run more...

The book provides an ideal starting point for detailed studies of traffic analysis...