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 Signals and Boundaries: Building Blocks for Complex Adaptive Systems
Complex adaptive systems (cas), including ecosystems, governments, biological cells, and markets, are characterized by intricate hierarchical arrangements of boundaries and signals. In ecosystems, for example, niches act as semi-permeable boundaries, and smells and visual patterns serve as signals; governments have departmental hierarchies... |  |  Basic Concepts in Computational Physics
With the development of ever more powerful computers a new branch of physics and engineering evolved over the last few decades: Computer Simulation or Computational Physics. It serves two main purposes:
- Solution of complex mathematical problems such as, differential equations, minimization/optimization, or high-dimensional... |  |  |
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