Additives are added to food to perform different technological functions, for example, to increase shelf life (preservatives), or to protect against rancidity (antioxidants). The use of additives in food is controlled by separate legislation relating to, for example, colours in food, sweeteners, miscellaneous additives (other than...

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was carried out between 2001 and 2005 to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and to establish the basis for actions needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. The MA was originally conceived as a...

This book was developed from a workshop on the “Effective Use of Ecological Modeling in Management,” held in Oak Ridge, Tennessee, on October 23–26, 2000. The workshop was sponsored by the Department of Defense’s (DoD’s) Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP), the Army Research...

This book is meant as a handbook and resource guide for chemists (and other scientists) who either find themselves working alongside chemical engineers or who are undertaking chemical engineering-type projects and who wish to communicate with their colleagues and understand chemical engineering principles. The book has arisen out of...

While books and journals of high quality have proliferated in discrete and compu- tational geometry during recent years, there has been to date no single reference work fully accessible to the nonspecialist as well as to the specialist, covering all the major aspects of both fields. The Handbook of Discrete and Computational Geometry...

The Analytical Characterization of Aluminum, Steel, and Superalloys addresses the needs of the practicing materials scientist and engineer, whether in an industrial or university setting, and the advanced student. This handbook provides a fundamental overview of a wide range of characterization methodologies and does not provide an...

In medicine, as in any other life sciences discipline, research should start by raising a question (hypothesis) to solve a problem. Then the scientist should select the most appropriated method(s) to answer the question and solve the dilemma. The obtained intermediate and final results may answer the question or may raise additional...

This book is meant for research scholars, scientists and practitioners involved with the application of computer-based systems in critical applications. Ensuring dependability of systems used in critical applications is important due to the impact of their failures on human life, investment and environment. The individual aspects of...

MATLAB® is a very popular language for technical computing used by students, engineers, and scientists in universities, research institutes, and industries all over the world. The software is popular because it is powerful and easy to use. For university freshmen in it can be thought of as the next tool to use after the graphic...

Though we did not know it at the time, this book’s genesis began with the arrival of Cris Calude in New Zealand. Cris has always had an intense interest in algorithmic information theory. The event that led to much of the recent research presented here was the articulation by Cris of a seemingly innocuous question. This question...

There's only one source to turn to for the answers to the most puzzling and thought-provoking questions about the world of...

This volume contains the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Pattern Recognition and Machine Intelligence (PReMI-2011) which was held at the National Research University Higher School of Economics (HSE), Moscow, Russia, during June 27 - July 1, 2011. This was the fourth conference in the series. The first three...