A major part of natural language processing now depends on the use of text data to build linguistic analyzers. We consider statistical, computational approaches to modeling linguistic structure. We seek to unify across many approaches and many kinds of linguistic structures. Assuming a basic understanding of natural language processing and/or...

Boring, boring, boring. Isn’t this what immediately comes to mind when one sees books on foundational concepts of information security? Monotonous coverage of theory, dry details of history, brief yet inadequate coverage of every topic known to man, even though you know that you’ll never be hired by the NSA as a...

This book brings together representative views of recent research and practice in the area of relating software requirements and software architectures. We believe that all practicing requirements engineers and software architects, all researchers advancing our understanding and support for the relationship between software...

Soft Computing (SC) techniques have been recognized nowadays as attractive solutions for modeling highly nonlinear or partially defined complex systems and processes. These techniques resemble biological processes more closely than conventional (more formal) techniques. However, despite its increasing popularity, soft computing lacks...

The development of Hypertext Markup Language stopped in 1999 with its final version, n.4, made by the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Technology, however, has not stood still in the meantime: the W3C also worked on interesting projects such as the generic Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) to XML, as well as on new markup...

Current search paradigms for the Web, direct access through search engines and navigational access via static taxonomies, have recently been strongly criticized. A third paradigm, dynamic taxonomies or faceted search, is gaining acceptance to the extent that it is now the de facto standard in product selection for e-commerce. This new...

The concept of fuzzy sets is one of the most fundamental and influential tools in computational intelligence. Fuzzy sets can provide solutions to a broad range of problems of control, pattern classification, reasoning, planning, and computer vision. This book bridges the gap that has developed between theory and practice. The authors explain...

The first author, Said Elnashaie, and his wife, Shadia Elshishini, moved next door to the second author, Frank Uhlig, and his family in 2000. The two families became good neighbors and friends. Their chats covered the usual topics and occasionally included random teaching, departmental, and...

A state-of-the-art introduction to the powerful mathematical and statistical tools used in the field of finance The use of mathematical models and numerical techniques is a practice employed by a growing number of applied mathematicians working on applications in finance. Reflecting this development, Numerical Methods in Finance and...

In order to reduce the complexity of designing and building computers, nearly all of these are made to execute relatively simple commands (but do so very quickly). A program for a computer must be built by combining these very simple commands into a program in what is called machine language. Since this is a tedious and errorprone...

A glaring gap has existed in the market for a resource that offers a comprehensive, actionable design patterns and design strategies for ecommerce search—but no longer. With this invaluable book, user experience designer and user...

The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) was carried out between 2001 and 2005 to assess the consequences of ecosystem change for human well-being and to establish the basis for actions needed to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of ecosystems and their contributions to human well-being. The MA was originally conceived as a...